The SASA! initiative in Uganda is one example of a social norms community mobilization program, widely considered good practice for social norms interventions.

SASA! seeks to change community attitudes, norms, and behaviors around gender, violence, and the risk of and vulnerability to HIV infection among women. Premised on the ecological model of violence, the program incorporates activism and then action at the community level.

Program overview

Program: SASA!
Organization: Raising Voices
Strategy: Norms & Values
Intervention Type: Community mobilization programs to change attitudes, norms and behaviors with direct intervention at the community level
Ranking: This intervention is categorized as EFFECTIVE
Location: Uganda
Age Group: SASA! activities primarily engage women and men (though children may be indirectly impacted through social diffusion within the community).
Gender: All

SASA! initiative — Photo credit: Raising Voices

Changes in attitudes, shifts in behaviors

A cluster-randomized evaluation sought to identify changes in attitudes toward and acceptance of gender inequality and intimate partner violence, changes in the prevalence of intimate partner violence, improvements in responses to women experiencing violence, and decreases in high-risk sexual behaviors.

The evaluation found that there was a clear shift in behaviors, with the experience and perpetration of physical intimate partner violence significantly decreasing in intervention communities.

While SASA! targeted primarily adults’ experiences of physical and sexual intimate partner violence, the SASA! approach provides direction for broad community mobilization strategies that focus on children and adolescents, specifically.

Lessons From SASA! on the intersection between violence against women and children

Research by Guedes, Bott, Garcia-Moreno, and Colombini found that there are several shared risk factors between violence against women and children, many of which are supported by broader social norms.

Child maltreatment and abuse often occur within the same household in which intimate partner violence is occurring, and there is significant evidence that both can have intergenerational consequences.

Additionally, violence against women and violence against children intersect during adolescence, when individuals are considered highly vulnerable to different kinds of violence. This all points to the need for more integrated and early interventions, particularly among adolescents.

SASA! Initiative 2 — Photo credit: Raising Voices

The intersections of violence

Studies of the SASA! program reinforce that there are significant intersections between violence against women and children.

A more recent study in Kampala, Uganda, found that the patriarchal family structures can create an environment that normalizes, and therefore facilitates, all forms of violence against women and children simultaneously.

Drawing on participant experiences, the authors suggest that intimate partner violence and violence against children intersect within the family, which has a range of consequences, including the sustaining of cycles of emotional and physical abuse, bystander trauma, negative role modeling, ongoing victimization, and aggression.